The Mach-Zehnder interferometer

Wojciech Hubert Zurek and Hans Dieter Zeh were of a different opinion and, in the 1970s, they proposed a solution within the framework of what the theory of decoherence, verified in 1996 by known today Nobel Prize in Physics Serge Haroche and colleagues.

Yakir Aharonov physicist and his eternal cigar.  © Hayadan.org

There are many other paradoxes and puzzles in quantum physics especially when one tries to find out what exactly measuring a characteristic of a quantum system and what it reveals. Physicists are still very divided on this issue and some, like Max Tegmark , prefer to think in the context of the interpretation of Everett called multiple rather than one built in 1927 by Bohr, Heisenberg and Born worlds.

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Two years ago, the famous Yakir Aharonov and his colleagues had suggested another thought experiment designed to probe more deeply the mysteries of quantum theory and its predictions in some situations. Physicists at that time were introducing the concept of the quantum Cheshire cat . This is, of course, a blink of an eye the cat that appears in the famous novel Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll.

The Mach-Zehnder interferometer

Reasoning researchers confirmed that the quantum world is as surreal as the universe of Carroll. In the latter, the Cheshire Cat has the ability to disappear leaving temporarily float in the air as her smile, which is so divorced from the animal. According to Aharonov and his colleagues, if we took a photon (quantum cat) and its polarization state (smile), it is possible to use an interferometer Mach-Zehnder interferometer to measure in a place to not be a photon , its polarization. In other words, an experiment with a quantum Cheshire cat somehow uses two detectors, one of which measures the presence of a photon in one place while its polarization is measured by another detector, in a place where it can not be found.

When Alice's cat into the country quantum wonders

When Alice's cat into the country quantum wonders

Physicists like to give original names to certain physical phenomena that appear strange and captivate the imagination, such as twins or Langevin Schrödinger's cat. An experiment that was conducted shows that one can separate in space, a neutron spin her like the smile of the cat 's Alice in Wonderland can separate from the animal invented by Lewis Carroll. There are many cats that quantum Cheshire called.

A representation of the Cheshire Cat, the famous feline Alice in Wonderland.  It now becomes the symbol of an experiment in quantum physics that has just been completed.  This shows that the quantum world is just as strange as that of Alice.  So he took the side of the famous Schrödinger cat.  © Leon Filter

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The paradox of Schrödinger's cat was originally a thought experiment designed to demonstrate that the magical laws of quantum physics involved a cat can be both alive and dead in some circumstances. When he proposed in 1935, Erwin Schrödinger wanted to show that the mysteries of the wave-particle duality and the quantification of the energy of physical systems were incompletely resolved by the so-called Copenhagen interpretation of equations of quantum mechanics . Like Einstein , he thought something was missing and that they were only approximations of the true quantum laws.

Octopus: 53 months for hatching eggs

53 months for hatching eggs

During the 53 months of incubation, the mother had to ensure that the eggs are bathed continuously in a well-oxygenated water, and prevent them from being covered with mud. It was also protected from predators . During that time, researchers have never seen the female to leave her eggs or feed. Instead, it did not seem to be interested in small crabs or shrimp around her, she lost weight and her skin became paler and loose.

Small hatched: the eggs are empty in this picture.
All eggs hatched © 2014 Robison et al. Plos One, cc by 4.0

This is not surprising in these cephalopods : Most octopus females lay only once in their life and usually die shortly after hatching. During brooding, octopus stop eating or drastically reduce their food intake. Here, scientists had no evidence that the animal was feeding during breeding. That's why they were wondering how the octopus was able to live so long, while low temperatures and inactivity lead to energy needs rather weak.

A rather long life expectancy
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For kids there are of course advantages to being incubated so long: these octopuses have no larval stage to hatching, they are able to survive by themselves and hunt small prey. From the point of view of evolution, the species would have found a balance between the benefits of a slow development and the ability of the mother to survive for years with very little food, if at all.

But this research also suggests a fairly long shelf life for this species: it could be one of cephalopods living as long as most octopuses generally live a year or two. For the researchers, "the brooding also provides an extension of the life of an adult far exceeds most projections of longevity cephalopods".

Record: a mother octopus incubates the eggs over 4 years

Record: a mother octopus incubates the eggs over 4 years

That would be a record in the animal world: an octopus from the ocean floor looks after her eggs for more than 4 years, small putting years to develop. The fate of such a super mom is inevitably death.

The Graneledone boreopacific mom, pictured here, lived in Monterey Canyon, off California.  © 2014 Robison et al. PLOS One, cc by 4.0

Taking care of her eggs for 4 years by eating very little, if at all, this may seem impossible. Yet that is what would an octopus Abyss. In the cold, dark waters underwater , metabolic processes are often long indeed. Therefore embryonic development could be very slow, but to what extent? Researchers at the University of Rhode Island and Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute had the opportunity to observe the nesting of an octopus in Monterey Bay, off the coast of California. They describe their observations in an article published in Plos One.

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In May 2007, during an exploration into the canyon of Monterey, the researchers found an octopus female of the species Graneledone boreopacifica clinging to a rock face at 1,397 m depth currently monitoring her eggs. Subsequently, the researchers went back to inspect this place 18 times in four and a half years. Each time, they found the same recognizable octopus with its scars on the body. Gradually, eggs swelled and young octopuses grew.

The researchers saw the mother for the last time in September 2011 One month later, she was gone, leaving behind about 160 empty egg capsules. Therefore, it would have hatched eggs for about four and a half years, or longer than any animal known to date.

In short: a penguin - fossil - 2m found in Antarctica

In short: a penguin - fossil - 2m found in Antarctica

Current record size for a penguin: 2 m to 115 kg. Pet name: Palaeeudyptes klekowskii . Habitat: the Antarctic Peninsula there are 40 million years.

Emperor penguins (often mistakenly baptized penguins), here at a young age, are the biggest current auks, a family which includes including puffins, guillemots, razorbills and the late great auk (destroyed in the nineteenth century) .  © Hannes Grobe / AWI, Wikipedia, cc by 3.0

An Argentine team Museum of La Plata has been lucky exploring the island of Seymour, at the end of the peninsula Antarctica , near the James Ross Island . In 2012, paleontologists have discovered the remains of thousands of penguin fossils dated from 37 to 40 million years. Recently, Acosta Hospitaleche and Marcelo Reguero, members of the museum team from La Plata, described the skeleton of a giant penguin , belonging to a species already known Palaeeudyptes klekowskii most comprehensive to date.

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"It was a wonderful time for the penguins , who was represented by 10-14 species on the Antarctic coast, " she explained to New Scientist . The researcher announced studying additional bone, belonging to the wing and foot, and especially great. Comparing with other species skeletons fossil , Acosta Hospitaleche estimates the size of the animal to 2 m and weight 115 kg.

If these values ​​are confirmed (for the proportions of skeletal bone may vary from one species to another, particularly over such long periods), so that P klekowskii would be the largest known but it is not alone in its class penguin. The fossil record has provided several species in stature and nose long and pointed. Found in New Zealand, Kairuku grebneffi reached 1.30 meters at Peru Icadyptes salasi measured 1.50 m. With 46 kg, 1.25 m and a short beak, the emperor penguin , the largest current auks seems puny.

the formation of intestinal carcinoma

The researchers therefore administered orally , 3 mg / kg to mice that developed capsaicin many gastrointestinal tumors. Result: taking capsaicin inhibited the activation of the EGF receptor and suppressed the proliferation of cells epithelial. The treatment also allowed the mice to live longer, with a gain of about 30% in the life. The treatment was even more effective when combined with the celecoxib drug anti-inflammatory non-steroidal inhibitor of COX-2, used in the treatment of pain and symptoms of osteoarthritis .

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Therefore, capsaicin eliminate intestinal tumors by stimulating the TRPV1 receptor. For Eyal Raz, "our data suggest that people at high risk of developing recurrent intestinal tumors could benefit from the chronic activation of TRPV1" . The researchers therefore propose to administer TRPV1 agonists (such as capsaicin) with a COX-2 inhibitor to prevent the formation of intestinal carcinoma.

The active capsaicin receptor TRPV1

But what is TRPV1 while on the cells of the intestinal epithelium? Its action is linked to that of the EGF ( epidermal growth factor ) , an important receptor in the intestinal proliferation. Here, the researchers used a mouse model that made ​​a lot of neoplasia bowel. TRPV1 their deficiency increased the formation of adenomas , which allows the main author of the article Petrus de Jong, to assert that "the epithelial TRPV1 molecule normally functions as a tumor suppressor in the gut" . For researchers, the signal would control TRPV1 receptor growth factors , such as the EGF receptor.

Mice that are many intestinal tumors survive longer with capsaicin (red) than without (blue). However, if they do not express TRPV1 (black), they survive even worse. © de Jong et al, Journal of Clinical Investigation .

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The active capsaicin receptor TRPV1

These studies also suggest that capsaicin , a molecule present in peppers, irritating animals could suppress intestinal tumors. This causes a burning sensation when in contact with tissue. Biochemical point of view, this is actually a agonist of TRPV1: it would bind to the receptor and activate as if it were its ligand usual.

Chili would be beneficial against colorectal cancer

Chili would be beneficial against colorectal cancer

Capsaicin, a molecule present in peppers, inhibit the formation of colorectal tumors. This could be through the activation of TRPV1, a protein present on cells of the intestinal epithelium.

Peppers contain capsaicin, a molecule that could prevent intestinal tumors. © NG Ramesh, flickr, cc by sa 2.0

The intestinal epithelium has to renew itself rapidly characteristic. But if the pathways that control this regeneration are disordered, the tumors can develop. This is why research is concerned with molecules capable of preventing the loss of control causing cell proliferation that cause cancer colorectal .

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In an article published in the  Journal of Clinical Investigation , researchers from the University of California provide new information in this area. They studied a protein present on the cells of the epithelial intestinal canal to ions Ca called TRPV1. He had been found on neurons sense where it seems to play a role in the detection of pain generated by heat, acidity and spicy products are for Eyal Raz, a professor of medicine and author of the study "potentially harmful stimuli for the cell. Thus, TRPV1 has been briefly described as a pain molecular receptor ".

All Wi-Fi devices could help them see through walls

Of robots equipped with this technology could include browse rubble after accidents or natural disasters to search for survivors. The robots work in tandem using a mapping algorithm and simultaneous localization (English Simultaneous Localization And Mapping , or SLAM) working on the fly. Alternatively, a device on one side of a structure transmits a wireless signal while the other, on the opposite side picks up the signal. Radio waves passing through the unknown area, the objects therein attenuate the signal differently depending on their position and composition.

To see through walls, the robots use a mapping algorithm and simultaneous localization. The image at the center shows the sectional view of the structure. The right image shows what the robots see. The percentage represents the number of records Wi-Fi compared to the total number of pixels unknown. © UC Santa Barbara

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By measuring these variations with a wave propagation model that the system can map a content structure and determining where the solid objects and blank spaces. To improve the resolution of the images, the team from UC Santa Barbara with his robots with directional antennas. The system, which can be seen demonstrated in this  YouTube video , is not limited to robots. "  This technology can be integrated with any Wi-Fi device , "the researchers explain. It could be used with a Wi-Fi network fixed and then be used to monitor a building or a room to detect intrusions or estimate the number of occupants, for example, adjust the temperature.

Researchers still cite other possible uses for archaeological research or to detect and classify objects without touching a structure. Development work is ongoing to develop other applications and develop technology. Including references to associate the system to guide laser to improve spatial accuracy and resolution of the mapping.

Robots see through walls using the Wi-Fi

Robots see through walls using the Wi-Fi

Robots created by a team of researchers from the University of California at Santa Barbara can see through walls and detect objects that are behind using only a Wi-Fi signal. This technology opens the way to many applications from rescue missions to building security through detection and archeology.

Researchers at the University of California at Santa Barbara have developed what they call a "system of X-ray vision", which does not work at all in the X but uses radio waves Wi-Fi network. These two robots can identify hidden by the metal barrel concrete enclosure.  They alternate transmission and reception of Wi-Fi signal which they analyze changes to determine the position but also the composition of objects.  In this image, the red zone materializes perimeter that robots do not know (unknown volume).  © UC Santa Barbara

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Imagine robotic vehicles before arriving thick walls in concrete . They have no knowledge of what is behind, yet they are able to see through and detect any object they mask, all through a simple signal Wi-Fi . This technology, known as  X-ray vision for robots with WiFi only , has been developed and patented by a team of researchers from the University of California at Santa Barbara. It allows, despite a partition, to identify the objects, their positions, their geometry and also to determine whether it is a human, an object of metal or wood . By itself, the technique is not new. A method of imaging radio had already been shown in 2009.

Graphene material of the future of electronics, is revealed

Graphene material of the future of electronics, is revealed

It seems likely that the control of graphene is one of the fundamental keys to the nanotechnology revolution, justifying a research effort on a global scale. An international team has just succeeded with a novel technique to study the properties of this curious material to tiny size, about the size of a few atoms. Begin to imagine what the electronics of tomorrow.

On 31/07/2014 at 15:32 - By Laurent Sacco,

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A representation of the honeycomb structure of a graphene sheet. The graphite rod is of a stack our such structures is that the thickness of a carbon atom. © Jannik Meyer

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Europe devotes a billion euros in research on graphene . This material some call miraculous initially seems very trivial. It is simply a sheet consisting of a single layer of atoms of carbon arranged in a crystal lattice hexagonal. It is obtained by exfoliation of graphite . Equipped with electrical properties and resistance mechanical outsized make a serious competitor silicon, it would build computers with display on a single sheet of material plastic roll. One can imagine using it to give concrete existence the concept mobile phone from Nokia, the famous Morph . The graphene also has great potential for spintronics .

80% of products were not clamoring words strong password

Of fallible authorization system. 80% of products were not clamoring words strong password and identifiers were also used to online services and mobile applications.
Default encryption of communications. 70% of these objects are not connected amounted communications over a local network or Internet . This is one of the more disturbing given that a number of sensitive data flows in this manner.

Online interfaces poorly secured. Six out of ten devices were problems in this area, whether default credential too weak or transmitted in the clear.

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Inadequate protection software. 60% of the products tested did not use encryption to download software updates. HP says that some downloads could be intercepted and recovered as files in Linux to be read and not modified.

If the observation made by HP seems rather severe, it is above all a good way to praise the qualities of its own security solution Fortify on Demand. The study also concludes on an optimistic note by saying that there is still enough time to address these issues before the connected devices become a mass market.

HP has used its own platform online

But there is one aspect still little or no reference: the safety of these products. How does a refrigerator , a surveillance camera or a connected TV are they protected against viruses and hackers? The giant Hewlett-Packard (or HP) conducted a study on this subject whose findings are troubling for many. 70% of connected objects evaluated had numerous vulnerabilities that could be easily exploited.

Smart TV are among the most popular items connected tested in the study by HP.  The manufacturer claims to have found an average of 25 vulnerabilities per test unit.  © Sony

25 vulnerabilities per test unit
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The study looked at a wide range of connected televisions, cameras , home automation accessories ( thermostats , electrical outlets, locks, alarms, doors automatic ...) boxes multi-device control. The majority of these products with services operated cloud and all were using mobile applications to access and control remotely. HP has used its own platform online Fortify on Demand for scanner ten connected objects among the most common and found an average of 25 faults of safety device. Technicians have identified five types of problems:

Terms of insufficient data. Eight out of ten devices were mismanaging the confidentiality of information provided by the user, such as name, email or postal address, date of birth, credit card information or health data. And 90% of the tested devices were collecting at least one personal information via the product itself, the service cloud or implementing mobile.

According to HP, 70% of connected objects contain security flaws

According to HP, 70% of connected objects contain security flaws

While the wave of connected objects is just beginning, Hewlett-Packard wanted to assess the security level of the most common appliances such as televisions, appliances or home automation accessories. Conclusion: 70% of them would present numerous vulnerabilities that could be easily exploited by hackers ...

On 31/07/2014 at 17:29 - By Marc Zaffagni, Futura-Sciences
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The Internet of things wants to transform a large number of household appliances (TV, refrigerator, washing machine ...) to make communicating and controlled remotely.  But are they adequately protected against possible cyber attacks?  © LG

The Internet of Things is the buzzword that promises a future in which we live surrounded by sensors and electronic devices can communicate with them and be controlled remotely. We speak of televisions, appliances , sensors and devices automation connected, clothing and smart accessories. This represents a market with enormous growth potential, which marks the second chapter of the mobile revolution after that of smartphones and tablets . One projection firm Gartner on 2020, the installed base of connected objects represent 26 billion units for a total turnover of 300 billion dollars. What whet the appetite of manufacturers that take a source of growth for the next decade.

Milk older than 40,000 years mammoth!

Khroma was however found in poorer condition than Lyuba. She remained preserved in the permafrost in a vertical position so that when it was found, predators such as foxes Arctic had removed parts of his trunk and his head , and the lump of fat that should probably cover the back of his neck. The scanner revealed that the size of the brain of Khroma was slightly lower than that of a baby elephant of the same age, suggesting the hypothesis that the time of gestation at the mammoths was shorter than for elephants .

The conservation status of soft tissues is such that researchers do not hesitate to talk about mummies for the two bodies. We can study the muscles, connective tissue, organs and skin of woolly mammoths. We are even able to reconstruct the likely scenario of their dead.

Milk older than 40,000 years mammoth!
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In the case of Lyuba, it was not even necessary to use the data provided by the industrial scanner Ford factory in Michigan where she was examined. Of sediment for blocking his trunk, throat and bronchi . She would be dead by suffocation inhaling mud. This suggests that it should be crossing a lake, walking on the frozen surface when the ice gave way under his weight. In support of this hypothesis, it was found in these sediments a mineral called vivianite that forms in cold, oxygen-poor environments such precisely the lake bottom.

For Khroma, coarser sediments were found again in his trunk and throat, but unfortunately not in his lungs , not preserved. His spine fractured indicates a fall. This suggests that it was close to a river and a collapse of the bank was precipitated in water. Remarkably, his stomach contained very well preserved undigested milk and having the appearance of a yogurt leftovers. His mother was breastfeeding within an hour before his death, the researchers said.

In any event, Lyuba and Khroma is now a sort of Rosetta stone that will help paleontologists to decipher the remains of other woolly mammoths that can be found in the permafrost of Arctic Siberia. As one is older by about one month than the other, they give us both an overview of the transformations of this species during their growth.

Khroma and Lyuba, The mummies of baby mammoth

Khroma , as it is called now, was not the only one to deliver some of the secrets of woolly mammoths using X. Another baby found by ranchers ray reindeer in May 2007, in the Yamal Peninsula on the banks of the river Yuribei in northwest Siberia was examined in the same way by a US team. It was a female named Lyuba, who died very young, about a month after her birth. A method of study of the growth of the teeth was determined that the two mammoths were born in the spring. They belonged to two separated by thousands of kilometers populations but have both lived here 40,000 years.

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Lyuba images taken using a scanner show the remarkable state of preservation of the baby mammoth whose death occurred between 30 and 35 days after birth. For Khroma, it is estimated that it was aged between 52 and 57 days when she died. © UM News Service, YouTube

Babies the best preserved mammoth ever found

Lyuba and Khroma proved to be the baby mammoth specimens most complete and best preserved ever found. A report on their study using scanners has recently been published jointly by Russian teams, French and United States in  the Journal of Paleontology .

Very well kept, two baby woolly mammoth reveal their secrets

Very well kept, two baby woolly mammoth reveal their secrets

Lyuba and Khroma are two baby mammoths found in Arctic permafrost in the late 2000s by an international team of paleontologists has drilled some of their secrets by means of X-ray The results of several years of study, along with 30 new images taken scanner, has just been published.

On 08/01/2014 at 08:34 - By Laurent Sacco, Futura-Sciences

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Mummy of Lyuba, a baby mammoth died there more than 40,000 years old, very well preserved by the cold of the arctic permafrost of Siberia.  To limit the damage from an autopsy, the female who was among the woolly mammoth was examined with a scanner.  © Francis Latreille

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The 5 th International Conference on Mammoths and their families was held in September 2010 in Le Puy-en-Velay was the occasion of the arrival in France of a special guest over the age of 40,000 years. A baby mammoth found in October 2008 near the Khroma River in the far north of Yakutia, northern Siberia. We first thought it was a young male who died two months after his birth, but the study of its anatomy by computed tomography using a scanner to X-rays , especially in the service radiology the Centre Hospitalier Emile Roux, showed that it was actually a female.

These holes they explain a feature of the landscape of the Yamal peninsula?

These holes they explain a feature of the landscape of the Yamal peninsula?

Scientists are very interested in this phenomenon and studies are conducted on the first crater discovered. According to Andrey Plekhanov at the Research Centre of the Arctic , this hole is formed there is one or two years. Teams work on images taken by satellites to determine. Shots have been made ​​since the interior of the cavity , which is about 70 m deep. The background, which was not achieved, appears filled with ice. It seeps from the lips of the crater, sinks to the bottom and then freezes. (See all the images in the three sections of the Siberian Times whose links are grouped at the bottom of this article.).

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The explanation of this phenomenon remains to be written. According to Andrey Plekhanov, there was no explosion, as has been said. The floor was thrown around the hole by "internal force" . The first possible cause is the unusually high temperature prevailing in the region this summer, as was already the case in 2012 and 2013, but nothing at the moment no reason to make this assumption a certainty. The researcher recalls a sense of the 1980s, since abandoned, that small lakes are typical of the peninsula Yamal , were formed by a phenomenon of the same type. He said that if these things happen from time to time for about 8,000 years, they could explain the landscape of this region.

Strange Holes close to the Yamal Peninsula

Reported by the same journal, two new holes were discovered by farmers reindeer , rare people to patronize these regions. One of them, a 15 m diameter, appeared a few hundred kilometers from the first, close to the Yamal Peninsula, across the Gulf of Ob, Taz in the district. According to nearby residents, he would have formed in September 2013 with an explosive noise. The third crater, meanwhile, was spotted much further on the Taimyr Peninsula, to the east and north. This crater forms a cone perfect, surrounding a central perforation of 4 m in diameter.

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The first hole was located on the Yamal Peninsula in northwestern Siberia, the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, near Bovanenkovo.  The second was located on the other side of the Gulf of Ob, near Antipayuta. Thumbnail in the upper right shows an enlargement of the region southeast of Bovanenko, we note that the peninsula is dotted with lakes of different sizes. & Nbsp; © Google Earth, Futura-Sciences

After two new holes in Siberia, the mystery remains

After two new holes in Siberia, the mystery remains

What's happening in the Siberian permafrost? After the first hole discovered in the Yamal Peninsula, two were spotted by reindeer herders in neighboring regions. Scientists have not yet chosen among possible hypotheses, but soil warming in principle frozen, probably plays a role.

On 08/01/2014 at 11:27 - By Jean-Luc Goudet, Futura-Sciences

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Hole No. 2, in the order of their discovery, appeared near the town of Antipayuta on the Gulf of Ob, several hundred kilometers from the first.  Its diameter is about 15 m.  © Press Office of the Governor YaNAO

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How many holes? This is the question posed in Siberia for several days. On July 15, the newspaper Siberian Times unveiled images of a curious crater formed in the peninsula Yamal, the "end of the world" in the local dialect, northwest Siberia, washed by the Kara Sea. Opening with clean edges, opening onto a large underground cavity, appeared in the ground which usually remains frozen throughout the year (the permafrost or permafrost in English), not far from one of the largest deposits gas Europe.